The Why and How of Chess … How Games are Drawn

There are six recognized ways to draw a chess game:

1. Perpetual Check

Perpetual check occurs when one player continuously checks the opponent's king, forcing a draw. This tactic is often used by the weaker side to avoid losing. In the example below, White is ahead but Black can force a perpetual check.

Chessboard showing perpetual check example with queen checking king repeatedly

Black’s sequence to force perpetual check is:

1. Kh1 Qf1+
2. Kh2 Qf2+
3. Kh1 Qf1+
4. Kh2 Qf2+
and so on!

White cannot escape the repeated checks, resulting in a draw.

2. Stalemate

Stalemate happens when the player to move is not in check but has no legal move available. This results in a draw. Many beginners accidentally stalemate an opponent when ahead on material. The example below shows White’s king not in check but unable to move.

Chessboard showing stalemate position with king unable to move but not in check

3. Insufficient Mating Material

When neither player has enough pieces to checkmate, the game is declared drawn. The following are examples where checkmate is impossible:

  1. Only the two kings remain on the board.
  2. King and bishop versus king.
  3. King and knight versus king.
  4. King and two knights versus king.

4. Repetition of Moves

If the same position occurs three times with the same player to move and the same legal moves available, a player can claim a draw. The perpetual check example above is one such repetition.

5. Fifty-Move Rule

If 50 consecutive moves are made by both players without any pawn moves or captures, either player may claim a draw.

6. Draw by Agreement

Players may mutually agree to a draw when they feel the position is equal. Many professional games end this way.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is perpetual check in chess?
Perpetual check is when one player continuously checks the opponent's king to force a draw.
What is stalemate in chess?
Stalemate occurs when the player to move is not in check but has no legal moves available, resulting in a draw.
When is a game drawn due to insufficient material?
A game is drawn when neither player has enough pieces to force checkmate, such as king vs. king, or king and bishop vs. king.
What is the fifty-move rule?
If 50 consecutive moves occur without any pawn movement or captures, a player may claim a draw.
Can players agree to a draw?
Yes, players can mutually agree to a draw if they feel the position is equal or unlikely to lead to a win.